PINTURAS Y ESCULTURAS DEL BARROCO

Escultura barroca

Pestsaüle ("columna de la peste")¹ conmemorativa de la Gran peste de Viena de 1679, Matthias Rauchmüller.²

Escultura barroca es la denominación historiográfica de las producciones escultóricas de la época barroca (de comienzos del siglo XVII a mediados del siglo XVIII).
Sus características generales son:

• Naturalismo, es decir, representación de la naturaleza tal y como es, sin idealizarla.
• Integración en la arquitectura, que proporciona intensidad dramática.
• Esquemas compositivos libres del geometrismo y la proporción equilibrada propia de la escultura del Renacimiento pleno. La escultura barroca busca el movimiento; se proyecta dinámicamente hacia afuera con líneas de tensión complejas, especialmente la helicoidal o serpentinata, y multiplicidad de planos y puntos de vista. Esta inestabilidad se manifiesta en la inquietud de personajes y escenas, en la amplitud y ampulosidad de los ropajes, en el contraste de texturas y superficies, a veces en la inclusión de distintos materiales, todo lo cual que produce fuertes efectos lumínicos y visuales.
• Representación del desnudo en su estado puro, como una acción congelada, conseguido mediante una composición asimétrica, donde predominan las diagonales y serpentinatas, las poses sesgadas y oblicuas, el escorzo y los contornos difusos e intermitentes, que dirigen la obra hacia el espectador con gran expresividad.
• A pesar de la identificación del Barroco con un "arte de la Contrarreforma", adecuado al sentimiento de la devoción popular, la escultura barroca, incluso en los países católicos, tuvo una gran pluralidad de temas (religiosos, funerarios, mitológicos, retratos, etc.)
• La manifestación principal es la estatuaria, utilizada para la ornamentación de espacios interiores y exteriores de los edificios, así como de los espacios abiertos, tanto privados (jardines) como públicos (plazas). Las fuentes son un tipo escultórico particularmente adecuado al estilo barroco. Particularmente en España, tuvieron un extraordinario desarrollo la imaginería y los retablos.

En España también se manifestó en imágenes religiosas talladas en madera, en la llamada imaginería con la que se esperaba despertar la fe del pueblo.


Realizado por: Carmen Zambrano Muñoz y Juan Carlos Guerrero Casado.

THE HABSBURG DYNASTY

                                            TEMA 9.

       

      THE EMPIRE OF CHARLES I.

                    1.1HEIR TO AN EMPIRE.

  Charles I of spain, who was also Charles V of Germany, was the son of joanna of Castile [daughter of the catlolic Monarchs) and the German prince Philid of Habsburg. His inheritance included:

                                 From his father side, the Kingdom of Castille, Navarre, the Crown of Aragon and territories in America and Italy.

From his father side, the Netherlands, Luxemburg and Franche-Comtè. When his grandfather, the Emperor Maximilian, died,, he also inherited his

German territories and was given the title of  Emperador.

          1.2PROBLEMS WIHTIN THE EMPIRE.

      Charles I ruled from 1516 to 1559 but took little interest in the Iberian Peninsula. Several revolts took place during his reing.

           

    - The Revolt of the Comuneros [1520-1521] was an uprising of nobles, the bourgeoisie and the peasants of Castile aganist the king s economic policy. The revolt was defeated by the army of Charles I.

       -The Revolt of the Brotherhoods [1521-1523] was an uprising of artisants and peasants in Valencia and Mallorca. The artisans wanted acces to government office and the peasants wanted better rental conditions. The kings army suppressed the revolt.

             1.3 PROBLEMS ABROAD.

    -He wanted to war France (1525-1544), his great European rival, and defeateted the  French army in the Battle of Pavia.

  -He fought the Turks (1529-1541) who threatened to invade the area around the River Danube and the Mediterranean Sea.

  -He confronted the German princes, who supported Lutheran reform.

   THE SPANISH EMPIRE OF PHILIP II.

   2.1 PHILIP II GOVERNAMENT.

    In 1556, Charles I gave the title of Emperor of Germany and his Austrian territories to his younger son Ferdinand.

 Philip II governed very differently from his father.

 The power of the monarchy increased as Philip II made all political decision with the help of an army of civil servants.

 Philip II extended the system of Advisory counculs.

 Philip II  continued his fathers figt againsts Protestantism.

   2.2 FOREING POLICY.

 Philip II tried to maintain Spanish power in Europe an impose the Catholic religion. 

   -Against the French, who he defeated in the Battle of Siant-Queint in 1557.

  -Against the Turks, who he deated in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571.

  -Against England, which,  supported the Protestanst and attacked Spanish ships trading with America.

-Against Flanders,which revolted against high taxes and sufferd because of the religious conflict.

                   SPANISH ECONOMIC AND SOCIETY IN THE.

    3.1 THE ECONOMY.

   

 During the 16th century, large amonts of gold and silver were brought to Spain from America. this caused price rises, reducing the purchasing power and standars of living of ordinary people.

An increased in the demand for goods from America led to growth in trade and commerce.

Most trade took place in Castilian cities and Atlantic ports, such as Seville.

Spanish and foreign traders brought goods from all over Europe to the Iberian to the Iberian Peninsula.

Spain could not meet the domestic deamand for agricultural products.

            16TH CENTURY.

      3.2 SOCIETY.

In the 16th century, the population of Spain increased, especially in castile. The majority of the population contiened to live in the countryside, and the cities had few inhabitans.

  The privileged class was made up of nobles and clergy, who owned most of the land. Eighty percent of the population were peasants, who paid taxes and had limited rights.

  other groups in spanish society inclued moriscos and converted jews.These groups were the constant targets of religious and ethnic persecution.

 THE DECLINE OF THE EMPIRE IN THE 17 CENTURY.

   4.1 PHILID III: THE GOVERNET OF FAVUORITES.

     Monarchs in the 17th century left governing to favourites, who became very powerful ministers. During his short reing, Philip III delegated power to the Duke of Lerma, who maintained peace abroad.

In 1960, philip III ordered the expulsion of the Moriscos from the Peninsula. This made the shortage of Moriscos were peasants and many rural areas were left almost unpopulated.

  4.2 PHILIP IV: THE END OF EUROPEAN DOMINANCE.

 Philip IV appointed the Count-Duke of OLiveres as his favorite. He wanted to maintain Habsburg dominance in Europe.

 This policy led to war with France known as the Thirty YEars Was (1618-1648). the war ended with the signing of the Peace of Westphalia treaty in 1648, in which Spain recognised the independence ogf the Netherlands.

In 1640, ther were popular uprising in Andalusia, Portugal and Catalonia against Olivares demand for soldiers and taxes to support the war.

In Andalusia the revolt was suppressed but portugal managed to separate from the spanish crown with support from england and france

Catalonia also recevied help from the French and the ensuig conflict continued until 1652.

4.3 CHARLES II: CRISIS IN THE HABSBURG MONARCHY.

Soain experienced a period of crisis during the reign of Charles II, Spains  last Habsburg monarch. THe crisis was caused by the kings incompetence, corruption among his favourites and a number of economic pronels.

 When Charles II died without and heir in 1700, the War of the Spanish Succesion broke  out between Philip of Frances Bourbon dinasty and Charles of Austria. The victory of the French brought an end to the Habsburg monarchy in Spain.

  

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CRISIS IN THE 17TH CENTURY

 

   

 5.1 CRISIS IN THE CRWON OF CASTILE

In the 17th century, there was a sharp decrease in the population of Castile because of emigration to ameriaca, wars epidemics and the expulsion 

of the Moriscos.

As agricultural conditions worsened, many peasants moved to cities. Livestock farming also suffred, after years of war and drought had destroyed pastureland.

During this period, industry and trade decreased significaly because of foreign competition, poverty and limited demand for goods from america

While the nobles acquired more new propety and other luxuries, the peasants artisants and hidalgos struggeld to survive the economy  crisis. Many people became picaros begging and stealing on the city streets

By: Carmen Zambrano Muñoz y Juan Carlos Guerrero Casados.











































































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THE FIRS VOYAGE AROUAND THE WORL

VASVO NUÑEZ DE BALBOA:  Spanish conquistador who discovered the American Pacific coast (Jerez de los Caballeros, Badajoz, 1475 - Acla, Panama, 1517). It Extremadura from the small nobility, sailed for India in 1501, in the expedition of Pedro de Bastidas who toured the coast of modern Colombia.

Failed to establish himself as a farmer on the island of Spanish (now Santo Domingo), he had to flee their creditors stowaway embarking in issuing Ojeda and Fernandez de Enciso, 1510; He admitted as a member of the expedition thanks to his knowledge of the coast that would explore, participated in the founding of Santa Maria de la Antigua, the first Spanish city on the mainland, which was named mayor.

Soon they began their struggles with other Spanish conquerors of the region, as Nicuesa, Ojeda and Enciso. In 1511 he managed to be appointed governor of the Darien region to which the name of Castilla del Oro gave the news circulating about fabulous wealth. He explored the Isthmus of Panama and joined the Spanish dominions; Spanish was the first to describe the Andes (1512); and in 1513 he discovered he called South Sea (Pacific Ocean), which Columbus had sought in vain to reach Asia.

Building on these successes, Balboa requested reinforcements to continue their conquests to the south of the continent, they probably would have taken him to Peru. But the intrigues of his enemies in the Spanish succeeded, however, he fell into disgrace and was replaced as governor by Pedrarias; Balboa was subject to him as advance of the South Sea and governor of the provinces of Coiba and Panama.

While Pedrarias destroyed all his work led by the desire to cancel the prestige and power of Nunez de Balboa, he continued his project of exploring the newly discovered sea: he founded the port of Acla on the Pacific coast and drove there three brigs , transporting dismantled across the isthmus. Before he could throw his expedition, Pedrarias did you capture using Pizarro and executed him, accusing him of treason                                                    

FERDINAN MAGELLAN:While in the service of Spain, the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan led the first European voyage of discovery to circumnavigate the globe.           

SANLÚCAR DE BARRAMEDA:Sanlucar de Barrameda is a city and municipality located in the Spanish province of Cadiz, in the autonomous community of Andalusia. Seated on the left bank of the estuary of the river Guadalquivir opposite the Doñana National Park, it is 53 km from the provincial capital Cadiz and 123 km from the regional capital Seville. Its population is 67 301 inhabitants (INE 2013).

The term of Sanlúcar has been inhabited since prehistory and antiquity, belonging to Tartessos at Turdetania, to Andalusia and several Andalusian territories. In the Middle Ages, after the Reconquest, the town of Sanlucar became part of the Kingdom of Seville and was granted in lordship in 1297 to Guzmán el Bueno, founding a powerful noble lineage that would be later known as home of Medina Sidonia.

Between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries, the strategic location of Sanlucar made acquire relevance in the exploration, colonization, trade and evangelization of America, with important events in this period the downfall of the house of Medina Sidonia in 1641, the overall decline of Spain under Charles II, the transfer of the House of Hiring to Cadiz in 1711 and the 1755 Lisbon earthquake.

In 1833 it became part of the newly created province of Cadiz. In the nineteenth century the economic activity of the city was converted to viticulture and summer tourism, on a background of insecurity and social inequality. With great anarchist implementation during the Second Spanish Republic, it was from the beginning of the Civil War in the hands of the rebels, without suffering major damage.

In 1973 it was declared a historic-artistic. Since the restoration of democracy Sanlúcar has been ruled by parties across the political spectrum.

JUAN SEBASTIÁN ELCANO:" Elcano " redirects here . For other uses, see Elcano ( disambiguation ) .

" Sebastian Elcano " redirects here . For the writer , gourmet and Uruguayan critic who used the pseudonym , see Hugo García Robles.
Juan Sebastian Elcano
Juan Sebastian Elcano.jpg
Engraving of the 50s of XIX century where the sailor Juan Sebastian Elcano shown.
birth 1476
Guetaria , Guipúzcoa ,
Banner of arms crown of Castille Habsbourg style.svg Castilla
Death August 4, 1526
Pacific Ocean
Spanish Nationality
Occupation sailor , navigator and explorer.
Catholicism religious beliefs
Signature Signature Elcano.svg
[ edit data in Wikidata ]
Juan Sebastian Elcano, also written Juan Sebastian de Elcano, Juan Sebastian del Cano and Juan Sebastian de Elcano ( Guetaria, 1476 - Pacific Ocean , August 4, 1526 ) was a Spanish sailor who participated in the first round the world , being the head of the expedition after the death of Ferdinand Magellan .

THE PRINTING PRESS.

For the history and technology of movable type, see Movable type.

A printing press is a device for evenly printing ink onto a print medium (substrate) such as paper or cloth. The device applies pressure to a print medium that rests on an inked surface made of movable type, thereby transferring the ink. Typically used for texts, the invention and spread of the printing press are widely regarded as among the most influential events in human history,^[1] revolutionizing the way people conceive and describe the world they live in, and ushering in the period of modernity.^[2]

The world's first movable type printing was invented and developed in China by the Han Chinese printer Bi Sheng between the years 1041 and 1048. His contemporary Shen Kuo wrote extensively about the movable type printing technology developed by Bi Sheng in his scientific book, the Dream Pool Essays, which was published in 1088. This technology was transmitted to Korea during the Goryeo Dynasty, where the Korean inventors subsequently made many new technological improvements and innovations upon the original technology and in 1234 created the world's first metal movable-type printing technology for printing paper books 216 years before Gutenberg's printing press. This led to the printing of a Korean book, using the ancient Chinese writing system, known in Korean as theJikji in 1377; it is the oldest extant movable metal printed book. This form of metal movable type technology has been described by the French scholar Henri-Jean Martin as similar to Gutenberg's.^[3]

The mechanical movable type printing press was developed in Europe by roughly 1450 and is credited to the German printer Johannes Gutenberg.^[4] The exact date of Gutenberg's press is debated based on existing screw presses that were an essential component of the printing press device. Gutenberg, a goldsmith by profession, developed a printing system by both adapting existing technologies and making inventions of his own. His newly devised hand mould made possible the rapid creation of metal movable type in large quantities. The printing press displacedearlier methods of printing and led to the first assembly line-style mass production of books.^[5] A single Renaissance printing press could produce 3,600 pages per workday,^[6] compared to about 2,000 by typographic block-printing prevalent in East Asia,^[7] and a few by hand-copying.^[8] Books of bestselling authors such as Luther and Erasmus were sold by the hundreds of thousands in their lifetime.^[9]

Printing soon spread from Mainz, Germany to over two hundred cities in a dozen European countries.^[10] However the first book printed in English was not published until 1475, some 20 years later. By 1500, printing presses in operation throughout Western Europe had already produced more than twenty million volumes.^[10] In the 16th century, with presses spreading further afield, their output rose tenfold to an estimated 150 to 200 million copies.^[10] The operation of a press became so synonymous with the enterprise of printing that, by metonymy, it lent its name to a new branch of media, the press.^[11] The importance of printing as an emblem of modern achievement and of the ability of so-called Moderns to rival the Ancients, in whose teachings much of Renaissance learning was grounded, was enhanced by the frequent juxtaposition of the recent invention of printing to those of firearms and the nautical compass.^[12] In 1620, the English philosopher Francis Bacon indeed wrote that these three inventions "changed the whole face and state of the world".^[13]

In Renaissance Europe, the arrival of mechanical movable type printing introduced the era of mass communication which permanently altered the structure of society. The relatively unrestricted circulation of information and (revolutionary) ideas transcended borders, captured the masses in the Reformation and threatened the power of political and religious authorities; the sharp increase in literacy broke the monopoly of the literate elite on education and learning and bolstered the emerging middle class. Across Europe, the increasing cultural self-awareness of its people led to the rise of proto-nationalism, accelerated by the flowering of the European vernacular languages to the detriment of Latin's status as lingua franca.^[14] In the 19th century, the replacement of the hand-operated Gutenberg-style press by steam-powered rotary presses allowed printing on an industrial scale,^[15] while Western-style printing was adopted all over the world, becoming practically the sole medium for modern bulk printing.